A septic tank for the home - a sewer pit without pumping out: a device, a phased do-it-yourself production of concrete rings and other options (15 Photos & Videos)

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In private households, in the absence of a centralized sewage system, it is better to equip not an ordinary cesspool, but to make a septic tank for a house with soil after-treatment with your own hands. However, when building it, you should be extremely careful. Any violation of sanitary norms and rules can turn into a serious problem.

Content:

Principle of operation
Kinds
Calculation of the volume of a septic tank
Selecting a location for installation
Installation step by step
Calculation of the volume of the filtration well
drainage field
Septic tank from monolithic concrete
Operating recommendations
- - VIDEO: The simplest and most effective septic tank (explanation and diagram).
  - VIDEO: Septic tank drainage field. Secrets of Longevity

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Principle of operation

Do-it-yourself septic tank for a house without pumping out with a filter well

A septic tank is a sewage septic tank, consisting of 2-3 tanks. In the first of them, large particles accumulate and precipitate - food debris, feces, earth, sand, etc. Fats in the form of a film and non-settling particles also remain here.

Partially settled liquid with impurities of small particles through a communicating pipe enters the second tank, where purification occurs with the participation of anaerobic bacteria.

They are able to decompose any organic matter: waste from the vital activity of the human body, food residues, detergents, etc. In the process of acidic and methane fermentation, they decompose to hydrogen, carbon and methane.

Scheme of a 3-chamber septic tank with a drainage field

Discharge of treated water into ditches or reservoirs is strictly prohibited. They are taken only to the ground.

In private households for these purposes are most often used:

filtration wells: containers similar in design to settling tanks, but covered with gravel, with holes in the lower part;
filter fields: several horizontally running trenches covered with sand and gravel.

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Kinds

Wastewater treatment plant made of concrete rings

According to the filtration methods, all sewer tanks for private houses can be divided into:

1Cumulative: conventional cesspools that require regular cleaning

2With soil post-treatment: provide several overflow tanks interconnected by pipes; the waste entering them, under the influence of gravity, settles with sediment falling to the bottom, which is eventually processed by bacteria; the gas formed during the decomposition process is removed through special ventilation holes; settled water is poured through the pipe into the filtration wells or fields

3Deep cleaning stations: such installations are quite expensive and energy-dependent; economically feasible only in cases where the height of groundwater is less than 0.4 m; cleaning in these cases is carried out using biofilters; in principle, such stations can also be used for complete 100% cleaning sewer waste

To avoid deformation, septic tanks should be made of high-strength concrete or concrete rings. It is also possible to build containers for collecting and cleaning waste from bricks, provided that they are reliably waterproofed.

When using plastic tanks, they are installed in reinforced concrete boxes. You can also buy special containers equipped with stiffeners.

Eurocube septic tank with stiffeners

If an ordinary cesspool is a waste collector that has to be periodically removed, then it will be less common to pump out septic tanks with soil aftertreatment. Ideally, this can happen once every 10-20 years.

In practice, when building a septic tank of sufficient volume, it is cleaned every 3-5 years. Deep cleaning stations do not require this - all waste in them completely decomposes.

Before lowering the plastic septic tank into the pit, the container is filled with a small amount of water to equalize the pressure. Otherwise, when backfilling, the container may be deformed.

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Calculation of the volume of a septic tank

According to SNiP, if there is a water supply, sewerage, bath or shower in the house, about 200 liters of water are required per person per day. Accordingly, for a family of 4 people per day, it will merge 800 liters or 0.8 cubic meters. m.

With a daily shower, installed dishwasher and washing machine, a maximum of 150 liters of water is consumed. For four people, respectively, this figure will be 0.6 cubic meters. m.

The required volume of a septic tank depends on the number of residents in the house.

The volume of receiving tanks should be 3 times the daily volume of wastewater. But it is better to use tanks with a small margin. That is, for a family of 4 people, build a septic tank with a volume of 3.0-4.0 cubic meters. m.

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Selecting a location for installation

It is strictly forbidden to build a septic tank for a house and a summer residence near housing and reservoirs with your own hands. According to SNiP, you have the right to install it 1 m from outbuildings and 5-7 m from residential buildings.

From drinking wells retreat at least 50 m. If there is an open reservoir near the land, then the distance to it should be 15 m. A septic tank should not be installed near neighboring fences - 2 m should be retreated from them.

When arranging a septic tank, it is necessary to strictly adhere to sanitary standards

Do not forget that, although less often than a regular pit, the septic tank will still have to be pumped out periodically. Therefore, it is necessary for him to choose a place that is most convenient for the access of a sewage truck.

Installation step by step

Let us describe in detail the process of manufacturing a septic tank for a house from concrete rings. The number of chamber sections does not matter much - only the volume of the septic tank and the correct location of the drains are important.

Pit preparation

Arrangement of a pit for concrete rings

Each tank will require a separate pit.

They can be arranged in one line or arranged in the form of a triangle:

1Concrete tanks must be installed above the level of groundwater passage.. At the same time, drain pipes should be located deeper than the freezing point (this indicator is different for different regions of Russia). In the Moscow region, this figure is 1.4 m.If they are located horizontally above the specified level, additional insulation is required.

2Work should begin in the hot season so that groundwater drops to its lowest point.. Otherwise, the installed containers may simply float up.

3For ease of installation, make the width of the pit slightly larger than the dimensions of the container. For a concrete ring 1 m wide, a margin of 20-30 cm is required.

4To avoid soil pressure on the container, a layer of gravel is poured into the bottom of the pit. In the absence of such a cushion, the reservoir may be deformed or displaced.

Pipeline laying

Tanks must be equipped with a sanitary tee

1For the sewer pipeline, corrugated products made of polyethylene are used, which have sufficient resistance to deformation and are able to withstand significant temperature changes. Please note that such pipes are orange and marked SN 8. They are more rigid and consist of several layers. Gray or white SN 4 pipes are not suitable for indoor installation - they can simply be crushed under the weight of the soil.

2Pipes must be laid in concrete trays with backfilling of the trench with sand.

3For free flow of waste into the tank, the pipes are laid at an angle. With a diameter of 110 mm, it should be 2 cm per meter. With a diameter of 160 mm for each meter, the slope will be 1.5 cm. A larger angle of inclination is not required, otherwise the pipes will become clogged.

4Pipes going into receiving tanks must have tee fittings at the end, open at the top and bottom. In this case, the fluid flow will be redirected correctly, and the debris and fatty film floating on top will not overflow. The lower outlet is intended for sampling the lower layers of the liquid, and the upper one is for cleaning.

5For the correct functioning of the system, the overflow pipes must be located below the layer of fatty film, but not higher than the deposited layer, which collects at the bottom in the form of sludge and is subject to periodic pumping.

6When laying, try to avoid turns. If you can’t do without them, be sure to install inspection wells for cleaning in such places.

Installation of concrete rings

Filter well rings

1The most common septic tanks for private houses, mounted by hand, are containers made of concrete rings. You can also use monolithic concrete structures, but it will take much more time to erect them, install formwork and pour concrete, and the cost will not be much cheaper.

2Concrete rings are lowered into the prepared pit using machinery or manually.

3The bottom ring of the first settling tank must have a concreted bottom. If it is not possible to purchase such a design, you can concrete the bottom of the pit itself, and when installing the ring, carefully seal the junction.

4For filter well (more about it below) you will need to purchase rings with a perforation of 30-50 mm. With good filtration capacity of the soil, a conventional non-perforated ring without a bottom can also be used.

5In the upper part of the septic tank, rings are installed, equipped with holes for an inspection hatch.

6To protect the rings from displacement, they are fastened together with metal plates.

7In order to prevent wastewater from entering the ground, when laying concrete rings, their joints are carefully sealed with bitumen or modern sealants, for example, a bastion.

8To ensure oxygen deficiency (anaerobic bacteria able to work only in such conditions), hydraulic seals and blockers are installed at the inlet and outlet of the second chamber. For the operation of such bacteria, the presence of a temperature of 10-35С is also required, therefore, septic tanks installed above the level of soil freezing additionally insulate them

9After connecting the pipeline, the container is filled with expanded clay or sand. This will allow you to better regulate the temperature inside the treatment system.

10 Adequate ventilation must be provided to remove the explosive methane gas generated during the processing of waste by bacteria. For this, risers are used, which are located 70 cm from the soil surface. So that smells do not spread throughout the site, it is better to raise them above the roof of the building to a height of up to 0.3 m. You should not make a pipe that is too high, otherwise it will freeze over.

Scheme for the manufacture of a septic tank for a private house with their own hands with the obligatory arrangement of ventilation

Scheme for the manufacture of a septic tank for a private house with the obligatory arrangement of ventilation

In clay areas, the installation of septic tanks and their soil post-treatment is impossible. Most often, in such places, groundwater also rises high. In these cases, it is necessary to use completely sealed plastic or steel products or install expensive aeration deep cleaning plants.

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Calculation of the volume of the filtration well

Septic tank with filtration well

Such facilities are allowed to be used with a volume of wastewater up to 1 cubic meter. m per day. The depth of the filtration well is calculated so that its bottom is 1 m above groundwater.

The size of such a container is calculated based on the average daily amount of effluents. For sandy soil per 1 sq. m should account for 80 l / day. For slurries, this number is reduced to 40 l/day.

The bottom of the filtration wells at 1.2 m is covered with crushed stone or gravel. At the same time, stones of the largest fractions are laid below, and small stones are laid on top in a small layer. In this case, when silting, this layer can be easily removed, and the lower part of the well can simply be washed with water.

The hole for the pipe connecting the septic tank to the filtration well must be located at least 15 cm from the backfill level. To provide access to the well cover, a hatch with a diameter of 70 cm is equipped. To protect against freezing, it must have two covers, which are laid with heat-insulating material.

An exhaust pipe is led into the overlap of the well, which should rise 30 cm above the ground. Its diameter is from 10 cm. After installing the concrete rings, the space between them and the ground must be covered with crushed stone and gravel.

drainage field

The main disadvantages of such structures include the presence of free space on the site for laying drainage pipes and a long level of purification - for full-fledged filtration, such a field must have a significant length.

Therefore, it makes sense to build drainage fields in those cases when, with a high rise in groundwater (up to 2.5 m), the arrangement of deep-seated filtration wells becomes impossible.

drainage field

The size of the drainage field and the number of trenches to be laid depends on the volume of the septic tank. Up to 30 liters of purified water should fall per 1 meter of pipes laid per day. For sandy soils that can absorb less liquid, this parameter is reduced to 15 liters. For loams, it will be even smaller - the length of the pipes will have to be increased.

The diameter of the perforated pipes is 11 cm. In order for the liquid to be evenly distributed over the site, the distance between the pipes must be 1.5 m. Their length must be maintained no more than 20 m. Each of them is equipped with a ventilation riser, which must rise above the ground by 0, 5 m

In order for the liquid to flow freely into the ground, the pipes are laid with a slope of 2 cm per linear meter. The average depth of the trench is 2 m. It must be borne in mind that its bottom should be at a distance of 1 m from the groundwater level. When laying pipes at a shallow depth, they will need additional insulation.

At the bottom of the prepared pit, a layer of soil 10 cm high with good filtering ability is first poured. On clay soils, its height should be increased to 70 cm.

Next comes a 35-40 cm layer of crushed stone, into which perforated pipes are laid. Another 10 cm layer of crushed stone is poured on top, geotextiles and a 30 cm layer of soil are laid.

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Septic tank from monolithic concrete

When constructing septic tanks for a reinforced concrete house, there is no need to involve special equipment - all work can be done manually. Such containers can have a different volume - you no longer have to focus on the size of concrete rings.

Two-chamber concrete septic tank

However, the construction of such a septic tank will be more laborious:

1For the arrangement of a 2-3 chamber septic tank, a rectangular pit is being prepared. Since it will be a form for future construction, it is better to dig it by hand so that the walls are as smooth as possible. The excavated earth can be removed or scattered in an even layer over the site.

2On both sides of the pit, trenches are being prepared with a depth below the freezing level of the soil for laying pipes. The first trench is laid towards the house, the second - towards the filtration well or drainage field.

3To protect concrete from moisture, a sand and gravel cushion is poured into the bottom of the pit with a layer of 20-30 cm.

4The bottom of the pit is filled first. For this, a standard cement mortar made of high-quality cement M300-400 is used. When using cement M400, the proportions by weight in kg (cement, sand, crushed stone) will be 1.0: 1.2: 2.7. The amount of water depends on the moisture content of the materials used.

5To ensure that moisture from the solution does not go into the ground, a waterproofing layer of a sufficiently thick polyethylene film is laid on the bottom before pouring. It is placed overlapping.

6To reinforce the bottom and walls of the tank, a metal mesh or rods are used. To protect against rust and ensure structural strength, the mesh must be placed in the center of the formwork at a distance of 7 cm from the edges. It is necessary to maintain the same distance from the bottom of the pit.

7After arranging the formwork, pipe overflows are installed in the upper part of the tank. Otherwise, already hardened concrete will have to be hammered.

8To protect the solution from leakage, a polyethylene film is placed in the formwork.

9To reduce the risk of voids, pouring is done in stages with a height of each layer of 0.5 m with a break of 2-3 days. The solution must be compacted with a bayonet shovel or vibrator.

10The hardening process of concrete in the summer is 3-4 weeks. In cold weather, this time may be longer.

11After the concrete has dried, a ceiling with a hole for the hatch is installed. Moreover, such hatches are required to be equipped for each tank. To do this, metal corners are laid on top of the structure, then boards and a layer of waterproofing. Next, the reinforcement is laid, and the ceiling is poured with concrete.

12Do not forget to provide ventilation pipes in the ceiling to remove explosive methane. They should rise above the ground by 30-50 cm.

Operating recommendations

3 chamber system

With proper installation, maintenance of a septic tank is minimized:

for the smooth functioning of the system, make sure that oil products, solvents, household poisons, alkalis, alcohol and other aggressive chemicals that can kill anaerobic bacteria do not get into it; clogging of the septic tank is also facilitated by the entry into the sewer of construction debris and inorganic residues that are not decomposable
with proper operation, thick sediment will have to be pumped out infrequently - once every 2-3 years; it is necessary to call vacuum trucks if it rises closer to the surface by 20 cm
it is not necessary to pump out the septic tank completely, leaving 10-20% so that anaerobic bacteria, that is, “sourdough”, remain at its bottom
to sustain life bacteria a constant presence of organic matter is required, therefore, in garden plots that are not used for permanent residence, it is better to equip not a septic tank, but an ordinary cesspool

A septic tank for the house - a sewer pit without pumping out: a device, a phased do-it-yourself production of concrete rings and other options (15 Photos & Videos)

VIDEO: The simplest and most effective septic tank (explanation and diagram).

A septic tank for the home - a sewer pit without pumping out: a device, a phased do-it-yourself production of concrete rings and other options (15 Photos & Videos)

VIDEO: Septic tank drainage field. Secrets of Longevity

A septic tank for the home - a sewer pit without pumping out: a device, a phased do-it-yourself production of concrete rings and other options (15 Photos & Videos)

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