Experienced mushroom pickers are able to quickly distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible ones. Since the latter are extremely dangerous, it is necessary to be able to distinguish which mushrooms are poisonous from those that can be safely eaten.
Content:
- Types of mushrooms
- Structure. Main features
- Tubular types
- agaric mushrooms
- poisonous mushrooms
- Poisonous
- inedible
- Conditionally edible lamellar
- Edible marsupials
- Edible plate
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Types of mushrooms
In most classifications, mushrooms are divided not into two, but into three large groups:
- edible: they are not only harvested, but also specially grown for the preparation of various dishes
- inedible (poisonous): outwardly, they may look like edible counterparts, but after eating they cause severe poisoning, often leading to death
conditionally edible: some of them are edible only at a young age, the latter cause poisoning only when mixed with alcohol or certain foods; still others require lengthy cooking to remove the pungent taste; for example, in In Poland, the white mushroom is considered inedible, while in Russia it is soaked and then salted, resulting in a peculiar dish with a pleasant aftertaste.
Pictures of mushrooms with names: What mushrooms are edible?
According to the composition of the lower layers of the mushroom cap can be:
- tubular: the layer consists of numerous, tightly adjoining tubules running perpendicular to the cap
- lamellar: the thinnest plates running parallel, like the tubes, are located perpendicular to the cap.
Tubular and agaric mushrooms
There is also a classification of fungi according to the methods of reproduction, the type of cells and some other principles, but they will not be considered within the framework of this article.
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All types of mushrooms, with the exception of morels, stitches and truffles, consist of a cap and a stem that form a fruiting body. The part that is underground has the form of the thinnest threads called mycelium. Mushrooms - one of the most amazing representatives of the kingdom of nature, combining the signs of not only plants, but the simplest animals.
The structure of the cap mushroom
Therefore, scientists identified them as a separate section of botany. Like plants, they have a cellular shell structure, feed by absorbing nutrients from the soil, and reproduce by spores. A similar feature is their low mobility.
Mushrooms can be attributed to animals due to the presence of multicellular forms and chitin, which is characteristic only of arthropod skeletons. In addition, mushrooms contain glycogen, which is found only in vertebrates in the muscles and liver.
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Tubular types
White mushrooms
The color of the cap of such a mushroom is by no means white - it has a brown color. The name is associated only with the opposition of its "black" buttock, the cut of which quickly darkens. The pulp of the porcini fungus remains the same even after prolonged heat treatment. The fruiting time of the main species is June-October.
In each locality, it has a special name, for example, boletus, pan-mushroom, cow or mullein. In some areas, other types of mushrooms with a light color of the stem and the space under the cap are called white: in the Cis-Urals and the Far East, this name is used for boletus and boletus. In Central Asia, oyster mushroom is called white, and in the Crimea - a giant talker growing in the mountains.
Porcini
White mushrooms are found everywhere except Antarctica and arid regions. The main habitats are coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests. Ripening time varies by region. The first mushrooms appear in May or June. Ends harvesting in the southern part of Russia and Europe in October-November, and in the northern regions at the end of August.
- Description
- A real white mushroom has a fairly large convex velvety cap 7-30 cm in diameter, in some cases even reaching 50 cm.
- Its skin is reddish brown.
- In young specimens, it can be almost milky white - it darkens and “flattens out”, becoming almost flat, it only grows as it grows.
- Less common are yellow, yellowish-orange, or reddish caps.
- The massive leg of such a fungus at the base is dotted with small veins and has a peculiar barrel-shaped shape (there are specimens in the form of a mace).
- Its height is 8-25 cm and thickness is about 7 cm.
- With age, the leg begins to stretch and take on a cylindrical shape with a thickened base.
- In some instances, it is expanded or narrowed in the center.
white mushrooms
The pulp is quite fleshy, light in color, dense. With age, it becomes fibrous and begins to turn yellow. Hence the name of the white fungus used in the Perm and Novgorod regions - yellow. Spores olive.
The tubular layer of the cap with a notch almost at the very leg is separated from the pulp quite easily. Light or soft pink in young fungi, it turns yellow over time, and then becomes greenish-olive. The smell of raw is very weak - they acquire a pleasant peculiar aroma and spicy taste only when cooked or dried.
- Kinds
Depending on the type of forests, porcini mushrooms are divided into several forms:
- spruce white (typical form) with a red-brown cap: most common variety
- birch: has an almost white cap
- oak: a fairly common form; it can only be found under oaks, it has a looser flesh and a brownish-gray cap
- pine (upland): equipped with a dark hat, which may have a slight purple sheen; flesh with a reddish-brown tint.
Spruce porcini mushroom
Separately, an early form is distinguished, which is found only in the pine forests of the Middle Volga region - its collection is carried out in May-June. Unlike the pine form, on the cut it has not brownish, but slightly red flesh. The porcini mushroom is also divided by shades (in each locality it can be different). In Europe and the Transcaucasus, as well as the forests of North America, there is a net form that looks like a flywheel.
boletus
There are about 40 varieties of boletus (boletus, birch), which are quite similar in appearance. They grow in small groups, called ring colonies, rarely singly. Therefore, having found the very first mushroom, you will not leave the forest empty-handed.
Common boletus
Boletus trees jump out of the ground literally before our eyes: per day they are able to rise by 3-4 cm. The ripening period is only 6 days. After this period, the mushrooms begin to age just as rapidly.
- Description
- Young mushrooms have light caps up to 18 cm in diameter - they begin to darken and turn into dark brown with age. Over time, the hat in the form of a hemisphere turns into a characteristic pillow-shaped. In humid forests, it can be sticky, covered with mucus.
- The leg of a boletus with a diameter of up to 3 cm and a height of up to 15 cm is light gray or whitish in the form of a cylinder. Another characteristic feature of the fungus is the dark gray scales located longitudinally on the stem.
- The pulp of the boletus is quite dense white, only slightly darkening when cut. Over time, it becomes more loose, fibrous and tough. The color of the spores is brownish-olive.
- Kinds
According to the places of growth, shape and color, boletus is divided into 10 main species (only 9 are found in Russia):
- ordinary: has the most valuable taste properties; the hat of such mushrooms is reddish-brown; the leg is thickened and has a fairly dense structure
- marsh: it can only be found in wetlands; distinctive features - a thin leg, a light brown or light gray cap and a looser flesh than the common species
- black: his hat is almost black in color, and the leg is thick and shortened; has a high taste
- harsh: has a very rich, pleasant, not too pungent smell and sweetish taste; cap, covered with scales, grayish or brown, sometimes with a purple tint
- rosy: grows only in the North, growing period - autumn; the color of the cap is heterogeneous - from brown to brick; trying to reach for the sun, has a bent leg
- multicolored: the leg of such a boletus is white, but the hat can have a variety of shades from gray and orange to brown, often with a slight light tan
- grabber: got the name because of the peculiarities of growth - it is found only in hornbeam forests, in Russia mainly in the Caucasus; cap color from ash or whitish to ocher
- tundra: grows under the crowns of dwarf birches, has a small hat of light beige color.
Boletus marsh
Aspen mushrooms (redheads)
This type of mushroom, indeed, can most often be found under aspens. And their bright hat in the shape of a hemisphere (half of a ball) is very similar in color to fallen and yellowed orange-red aspen leaves. As it grows, its shape flattens.
Aspen mushrooms
Even a novice can collect boletus - after all, their false analogues simply do not exist. True, they often grow singly or in rare groups. You can find them in deciduous or mixed forests, not only at the roots of aspens, but also birches, oaks, pines and even poplars. They are very fond of young trees and often hide in their crowns.
- Description
- The hat of a mature boletus with a diameter of 15-30 cm is smooth or slightly rough, fitting the leg well.
- A tubular layer up to 3 cm in size. Over time, it darkens even with a slight touch and becomes loose.
- Another feature of the boletus is a rather long and thick (up to 22 cm), slightly rough club-shaped leg, expanding downwards.
- The diameter of the boletus cap, as a rule, is 5-20, less often 30 cm.
- The fleshy and dense pulp of the boletus is immediately oxidized in the air - at the break it darkens to a blue-green color.
Oilers
Oilers
They are named so for their slimy skin - indeed, it seems that they were covered with oil on top. These mushrooms grow from September to October in the European part of the continent, as well as in Mexico. You can find this mushroom on sandy ground in almost all types of forests from pine and oak to birch.
It is also found in clearings and meadows. In terms of protein content, boletus is able to compete even with porcini mushrooms. They can be salted, boiled or fried. When eating, the slippery skin is removed.
- Description
- The hat of young mushrooms is brown-chocolate or yellow-brown, convex, in the form of a hemisphere.
- Over time, it smooths out and becomes flatter.
- The stalk is much lighter, with a slight yellow tinge and an almost white membranous ring.
- Its height is 4-12 cm.
- Butterflies have juicy pulp, which is lighter under the cap itself than at the base.
- Worms simply adore them - spoilage can reach up to 80%.
- Kinds
good harvest
These mushrooms include not only ordinary butterflies, but also their yellow-brown variety - even the leg of such butterflies is colored intense yellow. Another type is granular. Outwardly similar to yellow-brown, but has a less intense color. He doesn't have a ring on his leg.
The larch oiler has a yellow-brown or lemon-yellow hat without cracks and tubercles and a thick leg of the same color in the form of an elongated cylinder or club.
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Milk mushrooms
The mushroom, once called in Russia the king of mushrooms, can be found both in deciduous or mixed forests, mainly near birch trees. Some species are found only under coniferous trees, on acidic soils. It grows in groups, rarely singly. Milk mushrooms are harvested from early July to October.
Milk mushrooms
This mushroom can be considered truly Russian - in Europe it is not recognized and is even considered poisonous due to its peculiar bitterness, which, however, disappears after soaking. It is not intended for cooking or stewing - it is only salted.
- Description
- The hat of a young real mushroom has a flat-convex shape.
- As it grows, it changes to funnel-shaped with a characteristic, slightly turned inward edge, which is slightly pubescent.
- The skin is wet, slimy, on which foliage quickly sticks, light yellowish or light cream in color, sometimes with darker spots. Hat diameter 5-20 cm.
- The average height of the stem, smoothly flowing into the hat, is 3-7 cm.
- As it ages, it becomes hollow. The flesh of the mushroom is quite dense, fragile and brittle.
- Milky juice in the air begins to darken to a gray-yellow color.
- The spore powder also has a yellow tint.
- The smell of a fresh mushroom is very sharp, peculiar, vaguely reminiscent of the smell of fruits.
After salting mushrooms acquire a bluish tint
- Types of mushrooms
Milk mushrooms (view of the hat from the bottom)
This mushroom has many varieties:
- real (white): the most valuable, belongs to the edible; has a dense white pulp and a pleasant "bulky" aroma; the color of the cap is light yellow or cream, with vitreous light stripes; the plates are light, with a yellowish edge; the hat, depressed to the center, has a shaggy fluffy edge; grows from July to September
- black (nigella): conditionally edible mushroom, grows only in birch forests; the taste is more insipid, but it is less dry, gives a plentiful brine; it differs from the present in the color and shape of the cap - it is not funnel-shaped, but flatter, dark olive or brown, slightly depressed and darker towards the center; they collect it later than white almost until the end of October
- raw: the shape is cone-shaped, the cap is slightly yellowish or light green in color, with a margin; worms don't eat it; bitter enough even its juice, appearing at the break
- bitter (bitter, Goryanka): brown or reddish bell-shaped hat with a slight pubescence of the edge, the stem has a similar color, it is thin cylindrical; mushroom requires long soaking; the smell is small
- red-brown: the cap is quite large, up to 18 cm, in young specimens it is rounded, with time it is pressed to the center, its edges are slightly wrapped; may become covered with a network of wrinkles as it grows; the leg is thick, in the form of a cylinder, similar in color to the cap; the plates are yellow or light, slightly pink; sweetish taste; smell similar to herring
- poplar: grows in groups near poplars or aspens; the hat is funnel-shaped, with curved edges, light, may have pinkish spots; the leg is short, the plates are pale pink
- spruce: for the yellow color of the hat is sometimes called yellow; similar in shape to raw, but has a longer stem;
- aspen: similar to white, but the hat is dark on top; does not get wormy
- yellow: rare, in spruce or birch forests; a fleshy, hairy hat with dark zones, with concave edges; the flesh is light, turns yellow when pressed; tastes like white
Black milk mushrooms
Chanterelles
This mushroom can be harvested from June to October, after thunderstorms. You should look for it in coniferous or mixed forests, in a pile of fallen leaves or grass.
- Description
Chanterelles
- These mushrooms have a characteristic shape and are difficult to confuse with others.
- The chanterelle's hat is one with the leg - the transition has no pronounced boundaries.
- There is no difference in their color. Mushroom diameter 5-12 cm.
- The edges of the cap are wrapped and slightly wavy and have a funnel-shaped or slightly depressed shape.
- The plates are slightly wavy and fall down the stem.
- The flesh of the leg is fibrous, light or yellowish, turns red when pressed.
- Chanterelle has a characteristic smell of dried fruits. The taste is pleasant, with a barely pronounced sourness.
- Kinds
Chanterelle gray
There are several types of chanterelles:
- common (cockerel): color from yellow to orange; almost white on the cut; due to the content of chinomannose, it is detrimental to worms - they do not start in this type of chanterelle
- cinnabar red: characterized by intense pinkish-red color and fleshy fibrous flesh
- gray: color from grayish to brown-black, gray at the edges of the cap; valued less than usual and has not pronounced taste and aroma; they rarely collect it - most mushroom pickers are simply unfamiliar with it
- tubular: a grayish-yellow mushroom, strewn with velvety scales on top, found only in coniferous forests
- yellowing: the color is yellow-brown, with dark scales, the leg is lighter, the taste and smell are not very pronounced
- velvety: a rare species with a cap of bright orange color, colored more intensely towards the center, the taste is pleasant, sour
- faceted: bright yellow mushroom with a characteristic carved, very wavy edge
- cantharellus minor: orange chanterelle, outwardly similar to ordinary, but smaller, has a long, lighter leg and a vase-like hat
- cantharellus subalbidus: very light mushroom, orange only at the break; when wet, it acquires a brownish tint; taste is weak
mushrooms
The only thing common for saffron milk caps and chanterelles is color (although in saffron caps it is darker and more intense). This is where their similarity ends. Unlike chanterelles, mushrooms have a more even, only slightly concave hat.
mushrooms
The leg, although similar in color, is clearly demarcated and does not merge with it. On the hat, circles and spots of dark green color are often visible. The flesh of camelinas is more fleshy and not as brittle as that of camelinas.
Worms are also planted in them. As they grow, the color of these mushrooms does not change.At a break, they give a characteristic reddish milky juice that can stain hands.
Foxes just don't have it. The taste of these mushrooms is very pleasant - mushrooms are also considered a delicacy.
Champignon
Champignon
You can find these mushrooms, resembling balls, in places with moist soil, generously enriched with organic matter. In terms of nutritional value, low-calorie champignons are not inferior even to meat. They are often grown even in greenhouses on a special substrate made from fresh manure.
Fruiting time May-October.
- Description
- These are quite massive mushrooms with a cap diameter of up to 10 cm.
- In small specimens, it is rounded, flattening with age.
- Depending on the place of growth and species, it can have both an almost white and a brownish tint.
- The surface of the cap is smooth or covered with small soft scales.
- On even thick legs of champignon, there are always one- or two-layer rings.
- The plates darken over time and turn from light to almost black.
- The flesh is white with a slight tinge of yellow or brown.
- The aroma is similar to anise. The taste is pleasant, pronounced mushroom.
The former quickly turn yellow on the cut and have a characteristic smell of carbolic acid. The leg of the pale grebe is thinner and not as dense. They are colored differently.
The color of the cap of the poisonous mushroom is equally light above and below, while in the champignon it is lighter below.
- Kinds
field champignon
Mushrooms can differ in both color and surface smoothness. There are more than 200 species of them - some of them are edible or conditionally edible, while others can even be poisonous.
The following species are used for food:
- ordinary (meadow): often found near human dwellings, in gardens and orchards; mushroom up to 10 cm high with a light or light brown hat; its spherical shape with characteristic curved edges flattens with age; the leg is almost the same color as the top;
- forest (blagoshushka): found in mixed or coniferous forests, much less frequently in deciduous; a brown-brown hat in the form of a half of an egg opens up over time and can reach a diameter of 7-10 cm
- coppice: it can be found under a spruce or beech; when pressed, the light hat turns yellow; as they grow, almost white plates begin to brown
- field: characteristic of open spaces; sometimes grows near firs; a bell-shaped hat with slightly curved edges, light or cream; pronounced almond aroma
- garden (royal): the top is creamy, and in a mushroom that grows naturally, it is brown or white; softness when cut changes shade to pink
- curve (nodule): light champignon on a long stem, which thickens and bends with growth; coniferous forest dweller
- August, its hallmark: orange scales on the background of a brown cap; below the ring they gradually turn yellow
- Dark red: occurs infrequently, so many mushroom pickers are even unfamiliar with it; in shape it is similar to ordinary champignon, a distinctive feature is dark red skin; at the break, the white flesh begins to turn red immediately
darling
darling
A dangerous intoxication is caused by a bacterium called butulinus, which, when it enters a jar, can quickly develop in proteins without oxygen in a neutral or alkaline environment. Therefore, mushrooms are always rolled with the addition of acid, which can destroy dangerous spores.
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poisonous mushrooms
Deadly mushroom species are very often disguised as edible mushrooms (double mushrooms), so you need to be able to distinguish them.
fly agaric
Fly agaric (Amanita)
This type of mushroom is very poisonous - it is undesirable to take it even in your hands. At the word "fly agaric" we most often imagine bright red hats covered with contrasting white dots.
However, there are other types of fly agaric:
- yellow-green (grebe-shaped): sometimes called lemon because of the color; the bottom of the leg is covered with light sticky flakes; the cap of a young mushroom is slightly convex, flattens as it grows; plates, like all fly agarics, weak, often located; outwardly similar to a pale grebe, but if it smells almost nothing, then when the fly agaric is broken, a peculiar smell appears, similar to the aroma of raw potatoes
- bright yellow: the hat of such a fly agaric is ocher in color, its edges have furrows; sometimes you can see small scales on it; a slightly pubescent leg with a slight thickening over time may lose the ring located closer to the bottom
- rough: its yellow or chocolate hat with curved edges (they can turn up with age) is covered with characteristic growths; flakes of the same color also cover the bottom of a lighter leg; over time, light plates darken; when broken, the white flesh changes color to yellow
- bristly: on a very light, almost white round cap, pyramidal scales are clearly visible; the bottom of the cap is closed with a kind of thin “veil”, which is easily torn; the cylindrical leg is also covered with scales.
Death cap
One of the most poisonous mushrooms, sometimes called green fly agaric, looks very similar to champignon or green russula. Pale grebe grows in deciduous and mixed forests from mid-summer to late autumn. The mushroom has a light olive, green-gray or very light, with a thin film, a hat up to 10 cm in diameter with frequent white plates. It darkens with age.
Death cap
- The shape of the toadstool changes greatly with age from the characteristic oval, hemispherical, similar to a chicken egg, to almost flat. A ring on a hollow, even leg is a must.
- At the base it is thickened and closer to the ground is surrounded by a light bowl-shaped vagina.
- Unlike champignon, even with aging, the toadstool plates remain light.
- Therefore, in order to avoid poisoning, it is better not to collect single small mushrooms.
- In an open field, you can be less afraid - in such places the toadstool does not grow.
- Signs of poisoning do not appear immediately, within 8-12, less often 20-40 hours after swallowing even a small piece of mushroom.
- Somewhere on the 4-5th day, the condition improves.
- This period is called "false recovery".
- However, intoxication of the liver and kidneys continues, therefore, in the absence of drug treatment, a fatal outcome is possible in the future.
false honey agaric
The poisonous substances contained in this gray-yellow mushroom are less dangerous than the toxins present in the pale grebe. They affect only the mucous membranes, so after eating them, frequent vomiting and diarrhea begin. A person begins to sweat profusely, he develops weakness.
false mushrooms
Headaches are possible during dehydration. In severe poisoning, confusion may occur. However, deaths, although they occur, are still rare.
- Outwardly, this poisonous mushroom is really similar to an edible honey agaric, therefore, when collecting, it is necessary to carefully examine each specimen found.
- It's easy to confuse them: false differs only in the shade of the plates.
- In edible mushrooms, they are creamy (in adult mushrooms, they are darker, brownish).
- The false mushroom is equipped with plates of a pronounced yellowish or gray color.
- There is another sign by which these two types of fungus can be distinguished.
- False species do not have a characteristic dark spot in the center of the cap.
The two most common are:
- sulfur-yellow honey agaric: the mushroom outwardly immediately attracts attention with a bright color; has a strong, up to 7 cm in size, ball-shaped hat, which straightens out with age; plates light green or similar in color to a hat, but darker
- brick red: less dangerous, in Europe and Canada, after long-term processing, they are even eaten; the spherical hat of this false honey agaric is fleshy, reddish or yellowish-brown, the top of the leg is yellow, the bottom is darker, brown
Champignon yellowskin
A poisonous type of mushroom that can cause stomach upsets, very similar in appearance to ordinary champignon. The main difference from edible species is a peculiar smell, similar to the aroma of phenol and yellowness that appears at the fracture site. The characteristic smell during heat treatment only intensifies.
Champignon yellowskin
- Pecheritsa (another name for them) has a white hat with a thin yellow skin and a dark spot in the center.
- The plates of small mushrooms are light, with age their color changes to gray-brown.
- The rounded shape of the cap, reaching a diameter of 15 cm, changes to bell-shaped as it grows.
- Yellow-skinned champignon is found everywhere both in gardens and parks among overgrown grass, and in mixed forests.
- Like other types of mushrooms, it loves moisture, so it grows rapidly during the rainy season from July to October.
Entoloma poisonous
Contains a highly toxic poison that can cause death. The first sign of poisoning is a severe headache, abdominal cramps and indigestion. Since the toxic substances of the fungus form compounds with blood proteins, it is not so easy to remove them. Therefore, hemodialysis and blood transfusion are used for treatment.
Entoloma poisonous
Poisonous entoloma grows in the west and south of Russia in young deciduous forests and parks, in fairly well-lit places with light soil. It is very rare in the forests near Moscow - mainly on soil imported from the south.
- The hat of this mushroom is yellow or brown, flat and wide enough - up to 20 cm.
- Its slightly silky surface, when wet, is covered with a layer of slippery sticky mucus.
- The plates are rare and large, creamy in young mushrooms, in older specimens their color changes to a pronounced pink.
- The leg is flexible and up to 10 cm long - it is not so easy to break its elastic fibers.
- The pulp is white and smells like flour.
Spring entoloma with a small tubercle on the hat is slightly smaller in size. It appears in coniferous forests immediately after the snow melts and is a poisonous species. Due to the short vegetation period, the concentration of the poison is slightly reduced, therefore, after ingestion, deaths occur less frequently.
Russula is burning-caustic (vomiting)
After eating this mushroom, symptoms similar to ordinary poisoning occur. But if taken regularly, it can cause significant harm to health - it leads to autoimmune changes and anemia. Fortunately, russula vomit occurs infrequently and does not grow in groups.
Russula is burning-caustic
- It is very difficult to distinguish it from edible red - this can be done only after the spores have matured, which change the color of the plates to ocher.
- You can also determine this inedible mushroom by taste - it is burning, caustic, bitter.
- After taking the bitterness and burning sensation is felt for another 10-15 minutes.
- The surface of a glossy hat with a diameter of 7-10 cm has an intense red color, similar to strawberry.
- In young vomiting russula, it is pressed against the leg and rises in the form of a saucer only as it grows.
- The leg is brittle and breaks easily. White flesh does not darken even after cutting.
Galerina fringed
This extremely poisonous mushroom can easily be confused with a summer mushroom. In order to avoid poisoning, you should not collect it in coniferous forests where the bordered galerina lives - it is almost never found there.
Galerina fringed
- Just like the pale grebe, it is very poisonous.
- At the same time, it is not so easy to distinguish it from a summer honey agaric, and in most cases it is simply impossible.
- It looks just like its edible counterpart.
- The hat is yellow-brown in the shape of a bell.
- Pulp with a mealy smell.
- Galerina plates are of medium thickness, with age they change color from yellowish to reddish-brown.
- The long leg is slightly widened towards the bottom. Young specimens are equipped with a dense white ring.
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poisonous mushrooms
pig
Pig thin
Dunka, pig, matryoshka, boletus, pig's ear, filly are just some of the names by which these mushrooms are known in central Russia, Belarus and eastern Ukraine. Pigs grow in moist shady forests and are usually found in groups. Fruiting annually from July to October.
Pigs growing near roads, railways and near industrial areas have the ability to accumulate harmful substances in themselves, hazardous to human health, including heavy metals.
Description:
- the cap is fleshy, its diameter in different species varies from 5-10 to 12-15 cm, sometimes up to 20 cm;
- the color of the cap is brown or reddish, the edges are wrapped;
- the leg is dense, cylindrical, up to 9 cm long;
- wide sparse plates descend along the stem;
- the pulp is yellowish, soft and friable;
- on the cut, the flesh becomes brown.
Pig fat
Kinds:
- Thin pig is a mushroom that was previously considered conditionally edible. Today it is classified as poisonous.
- Alder (aspen) - a rare variety, similar in appearance to a thin pig. It is also classified as a poisonous mushroom.
- The fat pig (felt) is not included in the list of poisonous ones, but the bitter and hard flesh makes it inedible. This species was excluded from the list of mushrooms allowed for harvesting, processing and sale. It differs from its "brothers" in a thick, fleshy leg, plush to the touch.
satanic mushroom
satanic mushroom
This mushroom, which is also called the "satanic bolet", belongs to the Boletaceae family. Grows in light deciduous and oak forests, prefers predominantly calcareous soils. It is found in the Caucasus, in the south of Europe, in the Middle East and in the southern part of Primorsky Krai.
Fruiting from June to September. The satanic mushroom is very poisonous, causing severe food poisoning. The fruit body contains fungal toxins, including muscarine. The fungus retains its toxicity even after heat treatment.
Description:
- the hat grows from 8 to 25-30 cm and has the shape of a hemisphere;
- the hat can be smooth or velvet;
- on the underside, the hat looks like a sponge, consisting of tubules;
- the color of the hat is from white and grayish to dirty gray, sometimes with greenish stains;
- the pulp is pale-colored, turns blue on the cut;
- in old mushrooms, the smell of pulp becomes unpleasant;
- leg height from 5 to 15 cm, spherical shape, with a dark red mesh pattern.
fiber patouillard
fiber patouillard
This is one of the most dangerous representatives of the Volokonnitsa genus, which belongs to the class of deadly poisonous mushrooms. The toxins contained in this fungus, entering the body, cause damage to the autonomic nervous system.
It grows in gardens, forests and parks, located mainly in hilly or mountainous areas. Prefers calcareous and clay soils.
The fruiting season is from May to October, and its peak is in August-September. Especially a lot of patouillard fibers appear in those places where champignons and other edible mushrooms grow.
Description:
- the hat is reddish, 3 to 9 cm in diameter, with fissured edges;
- in the center of the cap - a protruding tubercle;
- the skin is smooth, silky;
- the pulp, when damaged, changes color to a red tint, especially in old mushrooms;
- stalk 4 to 10 cm high, the same color as the hat or paler;
- plates frequent, not wide, pinkish-brown;
- the leg turns red when pressed.
cobweb
Plush cobweb
This genus of mushrooms has a popular name "bog". Most cobwebs are inedible and poisonous mushrooms. Symptoms of poisoning with these mushrooms often appear one to two weeks after their use, when the treatment no longer brings results.
Description:
- Cobwebs belong to the hat mushrooms.
- The fruiting bodies are of different sizes and cobweb bedspreads.
- The hat can be hemispherical, conical or flat.
- Color - from yellow and orange to brown and brown.
- The stem with the cap are the same color, old mushrooms fade.
- The leg is cylindrical, often has a tuberous thickening at the base.
The genus consists of more than 40 species, among which are:
- goat web;
- blood red;
- peacock;
- stepson;
- plush;
- purple;
- scaly;
- beautiful and others.
false honeycomb
False honeysuckle sulfur-yellow
This poisonous mushroom belongs to the Strophariaceae family. Toxins are not destroyed by heat treatment. After eating, after a few hours, nausea, vomiting appears and the person loses consciousness.
Description:
- the hat in different species grows in diameter from 1 to 7 cm;
- at first it has a bell-shaped form, then it becomes prostrate;
- the cap is colored yellowish and yellow-brown, in the center the shade is darker;
- leg up to 10 cm long, fibrous, hollow, light yellow.
The following types are common:
- Sulphur-yellow false honeycomb grows in large groups. Occurs from May to late autumn on stumps and near stumps. It also grows on decaying wood of deciduous and sometimes coniferous trees.
- The moss frond prefers damp areas and wetlands densely overgrown with moss. Most often found in mixed and coniferous forests.
- The long-legged frond also grows in damp areas among moss. Prefers acidic soil in coniferous and mixed forests.
False frond moss
Lepiota pectinata (umbel pectinate)
Lepiota pectinata (umbel pectinate)
It is an inedible mushroom that is sometimes identified as poisonous. Belongs to the Champignon family.
The comb umbrella is found from July to the end of September at the edges of coniferous and mixed forests, in gardens, vegetable gardens and pastures. Comb lepiota has received wide distribution in the Northern temperate zone.
Description:
- hat with a diameter of 2-5 cm;
- in young mushrooms, the cap has a conical shape, in mature mushrooms it is convex-outstretched;
- the cap of young mushrooms is smooth, reddish-brown;
- in mature mushrooms, the cap cracks and becomes covered with yellowish-brown scales over a pale skin;
- the middle of the cap remains dark and smooth;
- the plates are thin, white, uneven;
- the stem is thin, cylindrical, slightly widened at the base;
- the pulp is white, fibrous.
Lepiota serrata (Umbrella serrate)
Lepiota serrata (Umbrella serrate)
This deadly poisonous agaric fungus belongs to the Champignon family and is also called incarnate lepiota and pinkish lepiota. It grows singly and in groups from July to October in deciduous and coniferous forests, protective forest belts and parks.
Description:
- the leg grows up to 4 cm and slightly expands at the base;
- the cap has a diameter of 2 to 5 cm, an ocher-brown color and a semicircular shape;
- the surface of the cap is covered with sharp brown scales;
- the flesh of the cap is white, the pulp of the leg is pinkish;
- the plates are free, thin, white.
Mycena
Mycena blue-legged
The genus Mycena includes small saprotrophic fungi. It unites about 200 species, of which about 60 grow on the territory of the Russian Federation and other countries of the former USSR. Some species of this genus are not only poisonous, but also hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Description:
- The cap diameter does not exceed a few centimeters.
- The shape of the cap is conical or bell-shaped.
- The stem is thin and breaks easily.
- Most mushrooms of this genus are gray or brown in color, but brightly colored species also exist.
Common types of mycena:
- blue-footed;
- pink;
- clean;
- cap-shaped;
- dairy;
- inclined;
- hairy;
- ordinary and others.
Mycena hairy
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Rogatic straight
gall fungus
gall fungus
This fungus is considered inedible due to its bitter taste. Most often, gall fungi are found in coniferous forests, on fertile acidic soils. They grow near trees or rotten stumps.
The gall fungus bears fruit from June to October and almost never worms. It is distributed on all continents.
Fruiting bodies appear singly or in small groups. Young gall fungus can often be confused with porcini mushrooms and other mushrooms.
Description:
- the hat grows in diameter from 4 to 10-15 cm and has a hemispherical shape;
- cap color - from yellow-brown to chestnut and brown;
- bottom cap is spongy;
- the pulp is white, odorless, bitter in taste;
- leg from 3 to 12 cm tall, cylindrical, fibrous, expanded downwards;
- the color of the leg is yellowish or yellow-brown, with a pronounced brown mesh.
Rogatic straight
Rogatic straight (ramaria straight)
This unusual mushroom is also called "straight ramaria" or "rigid ramaria". The hornwort grows in Eurasia and North America, and is found in the Far East. Prefers coniferous and mixed forests dominated by pines and spruces.
Usually ramaria grows on rotten wood, less often it can be found on the soil among shrubs. The mushroom is inedible. It has a pleasant smell, but a bitter taste.
Description:
- the fruiting body is very branched;
- the leg is clearly expressed;
- color from pale yellow to brown and brown, when pressed, changes color to wine red;
- The "branches" of the fruiting body grow parallel to each other and have approximately the same height.
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Conditionally edible mushrooms
Volnushki
Volnushki
This name is given to some types of mushrooms belonging to the genus Mlechnik of the Russula family. Sometimes a faded milky is called a marsh wave, a gray snail is called a gray wave, and a yellow breast is called a yellow wave.
But most often only two types of mushrooms are classified as waves - white and pink. Both of these species are considered conditionally edible, but if cooked incorrectly, they can cause disturbances in the digestive tract.
White wave
White wave
In Siberia, this mushroom is known as "white". White volnushka prefers birch groves and coniferous-birch young stands, where it occurs in rather large groups during August and September.
Description:
- the hat grows from 4 to 8 cm, has a wrapped edge and a shape depressed in the center;
- white skin;
- plates frequent, narrow, also white;
- the leg grows up to 2-4 cm in height, narrows at the base;
- the stem has the same shade as the hat.
- with age, the entire fungus turns yellow;
- the pulp is dense, white, with a slight smell.
Volnushka pink
Volnushka pink
This fungus is also known by many names, including "volzhanka", "rubella" and "wave". Grows in groups in forests where birches are found, sometimes appears in damp places. It bears fruit from June to October in two "waves".
The mushroom is good in salted and pickled form. Sometimes second courses are prepared from the waves. In blanks, a pink wave can change color to yellow.
Description:
- the hat reaches 4-12 cm, at first it is convex, but then it becomes flat, with a recess in the center and edges wrapped down;
- the skin is covered with coarse and thick villi, which are arranged in concentric circles;
- the color of the cap is pale pink or gray-pink;
- in dry weather, the color of the fungus turns pale;
- the pulp is white, strong, with a sharp taste;
- the leg is cylindrical, strong and firm, pale pink in color, grows up to 3-6 cm in height;
- at first the leg is solid, but as it grows it becomes hollow;
- plates frequent, not wide.
In a salty form, it is recommended to use volushki not earlier than 10-14 days after salting.
Despite the presence of milky juice, the pink wave is one of the most wormy mushrooms.
Edible marsupials
Edible marsupial mushrooms
Morel
Morel conical
All species of this genus are considered edible or conditionally edible mushrooms. However, in order to use them for food, prolonged heat treatment is recommended. Morels belong to marsupials (Ascomycetes department).
Morels are one of the first spring mushrooms found in forests, gardens and parks. In large quantities, morels begin to appear 3-4 years after forest fires. On the sites of old fires, these mushrooms can grow regularly every year.
Description:
- Despite their name, morels do not have a wrinkled surface, but a porous one. It looks a bit like a honeycomb. It is on this basis that morels can be distinguished from poisonous twins - lines whose surface is wrinkled rather than porous.
- In shape, morels are a hat on a leg.
- Coloring most often has different shades of brown.
- The cap has an ovoid, less often flattened-spherical shape.
- The body of morels is very porous.
The genus Morel is currently being studied. Only at the beginning of the 21st century, dozens of new species appeared and were described in the classification.
Their total number has increased to 80, among which the following types of morels are most common:
- Despite their name, morels do not have a wrinkled surface, but a porous one. It looks a bit like a honeycomb. It is on this basis that morels can be distinguished from poisonous twins - lines whose surface is wrinkled rather than porous.
- In shape, morels are a hat on a leg.
- Coloring most often has different shades of brown.
- The cap has an ovoid, less often flattened-spherical shape.
- The body of morels is very porous.
Morel steppe
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Raincoat edible
Meadow raincoat
Mushrooms of this genus belong to the Champignon family and have many other names: "hare potato", "dust duster", "tobacco mushroom", "grandfather's tobacco" and others. Raincoats grow in the forests of central Russia. These mushrooms bear fruit mainly at the end of summer.
Description:
- These mushrooms have an unusual closed structure and a pear-shaped shape.
- Often, raincoats have a well-defined false foot.
- The shell of the fruiting body is covered with spiny outgrowths, which may disappear with age.
- After the spores mature, the puffball fruit body opens at the top, forming a small opening.
Types of raincoats:
- hedgehog;
- spiny;
- meadow;
- pear-shaped;
- real;
- Brown.
In cooking, raincoats are used mainly in boiled form. Most often they are used for cooking soups. Before cooking, it is necessary to clean the fruiting bodies of mushrooms from hard skins.
Pear-shaped raincoat
Trutovik - a tubular mushroom, there are inedible, edible and conditionally edible species
Trutovik real
Common liverwort
Trutoviki or tinder fungi are fungi that usually develop on wood, less often on the soil. Within their group, tinder fungi differ significantly in morphology and the nature of attachment to the substrate, have different shapes and different sizes of the fruiting body.
Description:
- Polypores have a prostrate fruiting body.
- These mushrooms have a tough or fleshy pulp texture.
- There are hat-legged varieties of tinder fungus, which have a tougher pulp.
Edible and conditionally edible include the following types of tinder fungus:
- scaly;
- sulfur yellow;
- umbrella;
- common liverwort.
Ryadovka - agaric mushroom, there are toxic, inedible, edible and conditionally edible species
Row gray
Greenfinch
Ryadovka or tricholoma (tricholoma) - lamellar ground fungus. There are about 100 species in the genus Ryadovka, of which 45 grow in Russia. They got their name from the fact that some representatives of this genus really grow in rows, sometimes quite long.
Description:
- Mushroom caps are colored, rarely white.
- In young specimens, the caps are convex, later they become flat, with a wavy wrapped edge.
- Caps may have a fibrous or scaly surface.
- The legs are tight.
- Many species have a strong unpleasant odor.
If you are not an experienced mushroom picker, do not rush to put this mushroom in a basket. It is worth studying the genus Ryadovka in more detail, since it includes both edible and poisonous species:
- edible mushrooms (Mongolian, poplar, gray rowing);
- conditionally edible (rowing silver, golden, greenfinch);
- inedible (rough, white-brown, broken row);
- toxic (brindle, smelly, spotted row).
Dung beetle - agaric, there are conditionally edible, inedible and poisonous
Dung beetle (ink mushroom)
Dung beetle or Koprinus is a genus of mushrooms of the Champignon family. Dung beetles grow on nutrient substrates, humus heaps, fertile soil, plant debris and rotting wood.
Description:
- Fruit bodies of dung beetles are small or medium in size.
- Hats are bell-shaped, conical or convex.
- The surface of the caps is smooth or covered with scales.
- The leg is smooth, long, hollow inside.
According to various data, from 10 to 25 species belong to this genus, among which:
- white (ink mushroom);
- woodpecker (variegated);
- flickering (crumbling);
- folded;
- ordinary;
- snow-white;
- home;
- scattered (common);
- hay and others.
dung beetle
We think that our readers will not hurt to get acquainted with the advice of mycologist M. Vishnevsky, who gives detailed descriptions of the most common mushrooms.
You can see them on video.
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Viktor Several mushrooms have grown in the greenhouse: the shape of the caps is round up to 10 cm in diameter, wavy, light brown, smooth, funnel-shaped, the underside of the cap is pure white like suede. It grows in a family, legs are almost absent. In a word, very attractive, BUT???
Information about mushrooms is very useful. Thank you!!!
Mushrooms grew in my vegetable pit (in the garage) for a long time - right on the brick wall under the ceiling of the pit. Completely white, odorless, in shape very reminiscent of mushrooms, but much larger and the legs are longer, at the root they, like mushrooms, grew together into a common mycelium. I never could find out what it is, I never met it in the forest. Can anyone tell me what kind of mushroom this is?
Garage bastard.