There is a large list of mushrooms that at first glance do not pose a danger. If handled incorrectly, they can cause serious harm to human health or lead to death. In order to avoid negative consequences, it is necessary to provide timely assistance in case of mushroom poisoning.
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Danger of mushroom poisoning
At the end of the 20th century, the concept of mushrooms was formed in science. Unique representatives of wildlife combined a number of signs of flora and fauna. Today their biological and ecological diversity is very high.
Mankind has found application for the kingdom of mushrooms in various areas of life. They are used in the medical field, as food and in the economic field. For many people, picking mushrooms is not just a useful activity, but also a real hobby.
Despite all the positive qualities, before starting the preparation of a dish or preparation, it is necessary to make sure that the selected representative of wildlife is safe.
According to mycology, more than 100,000 species of fungi have been discovered today. The external attractiveness of individual species does not always indicate the positive taste qualities of a representative of wildlife. Before use, you should make sure the safety of a particular species.
Most often, a person encounters problems due to the lack of proper knowledge and experience in picking mushrooms.
You can get poisoned not only because of a lack of your own knowledge. By purchasing goods on the market, you do not receive any guarantees of quality, but you rely on the decency of the sellers and their knowledge.
Another common cause of poisoning is carelessness in the process of preparing mushroom dishes.. The procedure requires more than 10 minutes of your time. In most of the negative stories, the housewives themselves reduced the duration of the heat treatment, which led to negative consequences and poisoning.
The most common causes of mushroom poisoning are:
- the presence of dangerous mycotoxic substances in the composition, the toxicity of the representative of the family itself;
- violation of the shelf life of fresh or cooked mushroom dishes;
- eating a representative of a species affected by insects or parasites. In the presence of scearid or mushroom flies, consumption becomes life-threatening.
- combining alcohol intake with certain types of mushrooms. Joint consumption of wine with dung beetle can adversely affect human health.
- collecting a product near a chemical plant, a city dump, a highway, an oil production site can provoke the accumulation of heavy metals and various harmful components in mushrooms.
- the use of conditionally edible species in too large quantities.
- irresponsible consumption of mushrooms in a number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- consumption by children under the age of five can provoke health problems, the young stomach is not immediately ready to process heavy food
When a person consumes a poisonous or conditionally edible mushroom, toxic substances enter the body and spread through the bloodstream throughout the body. In the course of poisoning, various organs and various systems of the body are affected. In some cases, only the mucous membranes are affected.
From a medical point of view, such cases are due to gastroenterotropic action. Among the first signs of manifestation of poisoning, a functional bowel disorder is distinguished. In some cases, such manifestations are not observed.
The liver and kidneys are affected. In this case, the professional term hepatonephrotoxic effect is used. Mushrooms can negatively affect the nervous system, cardiovascular system.
One of the representatives of the kingdom of fungi with a pronounced hepatonephrotoxic effect was the pale grebe. Each individual species has its own distinctive features and has a certain effect on the human body.
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In nature, there is a rich species diversity of mushrooms.
For convenience, a simple classification was developed, conditionally dividing them into edible, poisonous and conditionally edible.
Depending on the bottom of the hat, there are:
- Tubular. Appearance has common features with a porous sponge.
- Lamellar. Upon closer inspection, the plates are clearly visible on the inside of the cap.
- Morel.
The varieties of mushrooms are very different. For acquaintance it is worth considering the most common and popular representatives of the class.
Edible representatives of the mushroom kingdom
In the forests of Russia, two hundred species are most popular. edible mushrooms. The distinctive quality of the species was harmlessness when consumed not only after heat treatment, but also in its raw form.
Good "catch" of mushrooms
Their high palatability and characteristic, pleasant forest aroma have made them one of the most sought-after ingredients in international cuisine. To determine an edible mushroom, you need to know the features of its appearance, distinctive qualities and characteristics.
White or boletus
Tops the list of valuable finds of the mushroom picker. Depending on the region of growth, four varieties of White are distinguished, they all have a similar appearance. The main difference was the color of the cap and the figure.
Distinctive features of appearance:
- massive white leg in the shape of a barrel up to fifteen centimeters in length
- hat color ranges from light cream to dark brown
- kink has a nutty flavor and quickly changes color
- grow singly or in small groups
- relief-convex or pillow-shaped cap
- found in forests from late summer until the first frost
boletus
Often found in Russia and in demand. The name is associated with the place of growth, found next to the birch.
General information:
- hat tight-fitting round at the top to gently sloping closer to the ground, regular shape
- cap color ranges from yellowish to almost black
- flesh of snow-white color on a break
- no specific taste or smell
- oblong tubules on the inside of the cap
- long stem, up to 20 centimeters long
real breast
It belongs to the brightest representatives of its species.
General information:
- hat with a small dent in the center and shaggy edges
- the color of the cap on the outside is creamy with or without small yellowish spots
- plate inner side
- dense pulp
- exudes milky juice when broken
- characteristic fruity aroma
Found in deciduous and mixed forests.
Honey mushrooms
- Mushroom pickers begin to find mushrooms from the beginning of September. Convenient for assembly due to crowded growth. Caps are distinguished by the correct shape and mustard yellow color with a brighter central part.
- The lower part is covered with a white film. The cut point does not change color over time.
real fox
More common in moss and leafy foliage. Harvesting begins in June and ends with a period of frost.
Distinctive features and external data:
- grows in groups
- cap diameter up to ten centimeters
- the inside is made of plates
- funnel-shaped concave cap shape when mature
- wavy edges
- heterogeneous cylindrical leg
- there is a spicy aroma
Oilers
- They differ in the sticky and oily surface of the cap. The leg is dense, convenient for cutting.
- The hat of the correct form has a brownish-red or sandy tint.
Aspen mushrooms
- They have a thick leg, a cream or dark brown cap of the correct form. The hat is distinguished by a compacted structure and carrot coloring.
- The color palette may vary depending on the region of growth. They belong to tubular fungi. The large leg has a length of up to fifteen centimeters.
Volnushka
- It has a pleasant, sweet aroma. The color of the mushroom is white or pink.
- When broken, it releases juice of a sticky, sticky consistency. Found in forests and open spaces.
oyster mushroom
- It grows mainly on trees. Available for independent cultivation on stumps or snags.
- It has an interesting, oyster shape.
mushrooms
They are found in the forests of Russia from the middle of the summer season. There are two types of Ryzhikov, pine and spruce. They have a slight difference in appearance.
Both varieties have:
- cap diameter up to sixteen centimeters
- funnel-shaped hat
- rolled up edges
- thick orange juice stands out from the fracture
- pleasant aroma with fruity notes
- the pulp has a sharp taste
- one of the most high-calorie mushrooms
Depending on the region of growth, each species has its own distinctive features in appearance, especially in color. Most edible mushrooms have their poisonous counterparts.
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poisonous species
Each poisonous mushroom has similar external features with an edible mushroom. Experts have established more than a hundred species of representatives of the kingdom dangerous to humans. On the territory of Russia, there is a conditionally small number of fungi dangerous to human health.
spring fly agaric
Appearance is distinguished by the following qualities:
- flat-shaped hat of light cream color
- stretched white leg
Contains amatoxins dangerous to humans.
Death cap
The most dangerous mushroom for humans.
The appearance is different proportionality:
- cap in a mature state has a smoothly curved shape
- color range from pale yellow to olive-bronze
- thin stem up to ten centimeters in length, there are specimens with a cup-shaped bag at the base
- pale mesophyll
- no fragrance
It is distinguished by the presence of fallotoxins and amatoxins in the composition. One bite can be fatal.
ordinary line
- It is distinguished by a brown brain-shaped hat and has a low, hollow stem.
- Dangerous due to the presence of gyromitrin in the composition.
Furrowed Talker
- A light cap is covered with powdery coating. The leg is cream colored and cylindrical in shape.
- Dangerous due to the presence of muscarine toxin.
cobweb
- There are several types of Spider web. For a person, the danger is Brilliant,
- Plush and reddish.Each contains the toxin orellanin.
Each of these mushrooms can cause serious food poisoning, cause nervous system problems and lead to death.
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The number of representatives is small. It is permissible to eat such species for food only after a certain heat treatment has been completed. Depending on the characteristics, the species requires a long period of boiling with several changes of water or soaking.
Some of the most sought after representatives of the species are:
Milk mushrooms
Morels
Greenfinch
Conditionally edible species include certain types of russula, truffles and fly agaric
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Symptoms and signs of body poisoning
In case of mushroom poisoning, the symptoms will depend on the representative that caused the negative reaction of the body. Signs are associated with the amount of food eaten and the individual characteristics of the person..
The child's body reacts more strongly to toxins and the symptoms are more pronounced
Doctors have identified a list of common signs that appear when poisoning with mushrooms:
- pain in the abdomen
- lack of appetite
- general loss of strength
- nausea
- vomiting process that proceeds without stopping and does not bring relief
- stool disorder
- frequent urge to have a bowel movement, up to 2 5 per day
Depending on the poisoning of a person with a certain toxin, specific symptoms are distinguished.
Toxin Phalloidin
Organic matter - Phalloidin
After eating or getting dangerous spores of a white toadstool or smelly fly agaric into the patient's body, after 2-3 minutes, the victim begins to feel a negative reaction of the body. First of all, the liver suffers. Clearly expressed symptoms appear no earlier than six hours after the poisoning.
Characteristic signs of a negative impact are:
- severe abdominal pain
- muscle pain
- spasms
- persistent vomiting
- heavy sweating
- low body temperature
- persistent loose stools, possibly with blood
The ingestion of phalloidin into the human body provokes one of the most serious types of poisoning. The victim quickly encounters kidney and liver failure. If you delay in providing first aid, a person quickly falls into a coma and a fatal outcome occurs.
Ingestion of orellanin
Orelonin structure
You can meet this toxin with the mistaken consumption of Spider web.
Mortal danger is associated with a prolonged absence of obvious symptoms of poisoning. They can appear only after a couple of days or even several weeks after orellanin enters the human body.
Signs of poisoning include:
- strong feeling of thirst
- migraine, severe headache
- pain in the abdomen
- pain in the kidneys
- feeling of coldness in the extremities
Muscarine
Muscarine structure
This toxin is found in Govorushki and some types of fly agaric.
A couple of hours after the ingestion of toxic substances, the following symptoms are observed:
- heavy sweating
- increased salivation
- persistent bowel disorder
- vomit
- decreased heart rate
- slight constriction of the pupils
Poisoning with conditionally edible mushrooms may be associated with the combination of certain species and alcohol. With the joint consumption of dung beetles and alcoholic beverages, a person experiences pain in the intestinal area, the face changes color and becomes bright red, the pulse becomes rare and there is a feeling of anxiety.
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At the first signs of mushroom poisoning, it is necessary to immediately take a number of measures to rehabilitate a person.
First aid measures include:
- Gastric lavage. To thoroughly cleanse the body of toxins, it is necessary to drink a large amount of water at a time, at least one liter. A weak solution of potassium permanganate is suitable as an emetic. By pressing on the root of the tongue, it is necessary to induce a gag reflex. The procedure is repeated three times. It is necessary to achieve an exit from the stomach of clean water, without the presence of foreign products. The event contributes to the maximum removal of dangerous, toxic substances from the body.
- If there is no stool for a long time, you should independently induce a bowel movement.. For this purpose, the patient can take any laxative, a spoonful of vaseline or castor oil.
- To remove toxins from the body that have managed to dissolve in the membranes of the small intestine, take any sorbent. As an absorber of dissolved hazardous substances, Polysorb MP or Smektu is suitable. Activated charcoal is suitable for taking, it should be taken at the rate of one tablet per ten kilograms of weight.
- The victim is advised to stay in bed, cover himself with a warm blanket and use a warming foot warmer or a warm compress on the abdomen.
- Take an even, horizontal position. The head should be on a hill, be above the level of the body.
- Provide the patient with plenty of fluids. As a liquid, simple black tea, dried fruit compote, carbonated or still water are suitable.
After the arrival of the ambulance doctors, it is necessary to tell the doctors the number of mushrooms eaten and their type.
Doctors should know all the features of the patient's health and his condition:
- Regularity of vomiting and stools;
- Consistency, smell and color of vomit and stool;
- The presence of pain and their strength.
A person requires hospitalization under the condition of a severe, unconscious state and with unstable dynamics of deterioration. The main rule in mushroom poisoning is to provide the victim with qualified medical care as soon as possible.
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At the first suspicion of mushroom poisoning, you should call an ambulance or go to the hospital yourself
In a hospital setting, doctors conduct a full diagnosis.
It includes:
- collection of anamnesis, determination of specific signs of poisoning;
- conducting laboratory research. Doctors carry out a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the presence of toxins in the urine, bloodstream and other biological environment of the patient.
The last diagnosis is made by a specialist toxicologist, based on the results of the studies. Serious cases of poisoning are being treated in toxicological hospitals.
Methods for restoring the health of the body include the following activities:
- use of a thick tube for gastric lavage
- taking a saline laxative
- accelerated elimination of toxins due to an increase in the amount of urine in the body
- in the first twenty-four hours after poisoning, the patient is prescribed hemosorption - dangerous toxic substances are removed from the blood using sorbents
Doctors conduct simultaneous treatment of cardio and renal insufficiency. For people poisoned by red fly agaric or Govorushki, Atropine is prescribed. Doses depend on the individual characteristics of the body of the victim.
Injections, in the amount of three or four pieces, are administered subcutaneously every 30-40 minutes. Treatment includes diet. Exclude sour foods and acids from the diet.
Affected by the toxins of the pale toadstool undergo a procedure for restoring the body after dehydration, a sharp drop in blood pressure and problems with the circulation of vital organs. V plasma substitutes are prescribed as therapeutic agents in a daily volume of up to five liters. They are administered through a dropper, intravenously.
Possible appointments include:
- Ringer's solution
- isotonic solution
- polyglucin
- saline infusion
For a comprehensive recovery of the body, doctors prescribe drugs to normalize blood pressure and funds to restore the affected liver and kidneys.
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A number of simple rules will help keep mushroom lovers healthy
Preventive measures include:
- Collect only familiar mushrooms. You must be completely confident in the safety of the product.
- Do not put wormy and old mushrooms in the basket.
- Before cutting a separate species, conduct a careful inspection of the specimen. Pay attention to the color, shape of the hat and legs.
- Give preference to wicker baskets for assembly, refrain from using plastic and plastic bags.
- Immediately after returning home, process the mushrooms, do not delay cleaning and processing.
- Carry out heat treatment according to the recommended time.
- The broth obtained after cooking should be disposed of and not used for food.
- When buying ready-made canned foods, pay attention to the expiration date and integrity of the packaging. Refuse to introduce non-certified products in the markets or from individuals.
- Collect picking mushrooms in ecologically clean areas. Do not eat mushrooms found near factories, highways or landfills.
- Refuse to cook canned mushrooms at home.
- Do not use for pregnant women, persons under 15 years of age, nursing mothers, the elderly, persons with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- If the product has a bitter taste or an unpleasant odor, you should refuse to consume them.
- In the event of a threat of poisoning, do not lose your temper.If there are no people nearby who can provide first aid, start the necessary rehabilitation measures on your own.
When going for mushrooms with children, you should carefully monitor the kids and do not leave them unattended. Do not allow young lovers of quiet hunting to try mushrooms, pick poisonous representatives of the kingdom, or try them in their raw form.
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Faced with poisoning, it is necessary to take timely measures to remove toxins from the body and immediately call an ambulance
Negligent attitude to health is fraught with serious consequences:
- according to statistics, poisoning with a pale toadstool in 40% of cases ends in the death of the victim;
- when the toxins of Govorushka or fly agaric enter the body, the mortality rate reaches fifty;
- in the absence of the necessary measures in the first five hours after the ingestion of toxins, the risk of death of the patient increases to 90%.
- advanced or especially serious cases often require transplantation of internal organs, liver or kidneys;
- the most unfavorable situation is associated with poisoning with a pale toadstool, three mushrooms lead a person to death in one hundred percent of cases.
One of the most unfavorable situations is caused by the prolonged absence of symptoms of poisoning. The more time the poisonous product is in the body of the victim, the higher the risk of death and the severity of the consequences.
The most common cause of poisoning is the inattention and carelessness of a person.
Dangerous toxins contained in poisonous species of mushrooms can lead to the death of a person in two days. The body of the victim is not able to remove hazardous substances on its own and requires timely intervention by specialists.
Brief help
Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms: symptoms, possible causes, first aid (Photo & Video) + Reviews
In the illustration to the “Bordered Galerina” a real photo of real honey mushrooms is attached ..))) Do not mislead readers.
And where exactly in our article did you actually surprise the illustration of mushrooms "Fringed Galerina"?))