Any serious construction is impossible without a foundation. Even the construction of MAFs, for example, pavilions, terraces or arches, may require foundation. For small buildings, the use of a strip foundation is irrational, since it is expensive, long and too cumbersome. It is best to use pile foundations for small structures.
Making a pile foundation is quite simple; it does not require any specific skills or the use of any special tools. Everything you need for the foundation is almost always at hand. The article considers the manufacture of a pile foundation for a small structure on the site.
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Definition of foundation parameters
Foundation of 4 piles
Foundation requirements for a particular structure can be obtained in its description or from any specialist with a civil or architectural education. As a rule, they relate to the minimum number of pile supports per unit area and the depth of the foundation.
The depth of the foundation should not be less than the depth of soil freezing.
The number of pile supports is determined based on the weight of the structure and the area of \u200b\u200bthe building. The depth of the foundation depends on the maximum depth of soil freezing.
Information about the depths of soil freezing:
- for the territory of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic states, the Krasnodar Territory, the Rostov and Astrakhan regions of Russia, the depth is from 80 to 100 cm
- on the territory of the European part of the Russian Federation to the Urals, this depth varies evenly from 100 to 200 cm
- in Western Siberia (conditionally, the line Novaya Zemlya - Omsk) and in the south of Eastern Siberia (Omsk - Neryungri) - reaches 240 cm
- areas further northeast are in the permafrost zone
An equally important requirement is the minimum required height of the foundation above ground level.
It is necessary to locate the foundation below the level of maximum freezing, to ensure the strength of the structure and its invulnerability to the annual cycles of thawing / freezing of the soil.
Action No. 1 Preparation of formwork for the preparation of piles
pipe marking
After the dimensions of the foundation are determined, the formwork is prepared. As such, you can use special plastic pipes with a diameter of 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm. The minimum pipe length consists of the sum of the following components:
- freezing depth for a given area
- minimum foundation height above ground
- additional deepening below the level of freezing (from 20 to 30 cm)
- pillow height (no more than 15 cm)
Cutting a pipe with a saw
A pillow is a layer of stones on which each foundation pile will rest so as not to fail. After the height is determined, the pipe of the required length is cut off.
Action No. 2 Drilling wells for piles
Special tool for digging holes
When the parameters of the foundation are selected, proceed to its manufacture. The optimal shape of the piles is cylindrical, so it is necessary to prepare cylindrical holes for them.
After a well of the required depth is dug, a pillow is poured into it
These holes can be made in various ways. For example, dug with an automatic or manual drill.In extreme cases, you can use a special shovel for digging deep holes.
The pillow is rammed with a wooden beam or board
The thickness of the cushion layer generally depends on the diameter of the piles.
Action No. 3 Formwork installation
Installation of formwork in the well
Formwork should be installed in prepared wells, properly leveling it.
Formwork leveling with a level
Action #4 Pouring concrete into the formwork
Preparation of concrete for pouring the foundation
Once the formwork is in place, the concrete work begins.
For this, it is best to use a concrete mixer. A standard mixture for foundations of small structures can be made on the basis of grade 300 cement. The composition of the mixture in parts by volume:
- cement – 1
- sand – 3.5
- filler (crushed stone, gravel, dump slag, granulated slag) - 5.5
For those who don't want to make their own mixes, they are already on sale, just pour them into a concrete mixer and add water.
Using a shovel to fill the formwork with concrete
After the concrete is ready, it is poured from the concrete mixer into a separate container.
As the formwork is filled, the concrete is periodically rammed with a piece of reinforcement.
Ramming allows you to get rid of voids and undestroyed parts of the filler in the thickness of the concrete.
Action number 5 Installing fasteners in the foundation
Leveling concrete with a trowel
After the formwork is filled with concrete under the upper level, the concrete should be finally tamped and leveled with a trowel.
Installation of metal fasteners
And immediately after this procedure, while the concrete has not yet hardened, install metal fasteners at the top of the foundation, which will be used to attach structures to the foundation (if needed).
After installation, the concrete surface is additionally leveled with a trowel
Work on the installation of the structure on the received foundation can be started a week after its manufacture.
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